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(PubMed) Amenyah SD, Ward M, McMahon A, et al
10.1038/nature09922 27
Hyperinsulinemia resulting from insulin resistance stimulates excessive androgen production by the ovaries and adrenal glands, exacerbating hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction ( e.g ., diet and exercise) and pharmacological treatments ( e.g ., metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists) can ameliorate insulin resistance and improve metabolic outcomes in PCOS ( 2.3 Hormonal imbalance Hyperandrogenemia is a defining feature of PCOS, characterized by elevated serum testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, leading to clinical manifestations such as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia
7,8 Although genetic predisposition contributes to the development of PCOS, its pathogenesis is believed to be driven by the interaction of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors
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