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Abbreviations SAL: Salidroside TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Akt: Protein kinase B GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta SIRT3: Sirtuin 3 Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha TFAM: Transcription factor A, mitochondrial TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses NADES: Natural deep eutectic solvents UAE: Ultrasound-assisted extraction MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction HRE: Heat reflux extraction FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy UPLC: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography MS: Mass spectrometry ESI: Electrospray ionisation LCMS: Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry LCMS/MS: Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography PDA: Photodiode array CE: Capillary electrophoresis HPTLC: High-performance thin-layer chromatography ROS: Reactive oxygen species LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase GSH-PX: Glutathione peroxidase SOD: Superoxide dismutase ATP: Adenosine triphosphate NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidised form) NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential OCR: Oxygen consumption rate VDAC1: Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 TOMM20: Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 MIRI: Myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation -cell: Beta pancreatic cell cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate PKA: Protein kinase A ALP: Alkaline phosphatase OCN: Osteocalcin IL: Interleukin RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand OVX: Ovariectomised UVB: Ultraviolet B HaCaT: Human keratinocyte cell line NQO1: NAD(P)H-quinone dehydrogenase 1 HO-1: Haeme oxygenase 1 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 GGT1: Gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion HAMD: Hamilton depression rating scale DSM-IV: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition SHR-5: Standardised Rhodiola rosea extract IP: Intraperitoneal i.d.: Internal diameter AUC: Area under the curve C max : Maximum plasma concentration t1/2: Half-life T Max : Time to reach maximum concentration LNP: Lipid nanoparticle PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PEG: Polyethylene glycol CTAB: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide MRT: Mean residence time UUO: Unilateral ureteral obstruction BUN: Blood urea nitrogen SCR: Serum creatinine NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin KIM-1: Kidney injury molecule-1 NLRP3: NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 -SMA: Alpha-smooth muscle actin MMP2/9: Matrix metallopeptidase 2/9 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 JAK2/STAT3: Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase SOCS3: Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 CYP2E1: Cytochrome P450 2E1 NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis SD: SpragueDawley BW: Body weight References Ajdert P, Jan L, Burman R (2022) Liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of salidroside and cinnamyl alcohol glycosides for quality control of golden root ( Rhodiola rosea L.)

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