Forms & Delivery Systems Cigarettes Cigars Chewing Tobacco Snuff / Dip E-cigarettes & Vaping Devices (e.g., JUUL, disposable vapes) Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRTs) patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers, nasal sprays sometimes misused but primarily used for cessation Effects Short-term: Increased alertness, elevated heart rate, raised blood pressure, and reduced appetite
Free radicals, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO) are believed to be the most important for pharmacological actions 21
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pylori infection, CS exposures increased DNA damage within the gastric epithelial cells and accelerated H