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however, under hypoglycemic conditions, GIP paradoxically stimulates the release of counterregulatory hormones.13 Notably, these glucose-dependent modulatory effects on glucagon secretion appear to be diminished or absent in individuals with T2DM.49 GIP reduces appetite and enhances satiety, thereby facilitating weight loss, although the precise mechanisms remain debated, with uncertainty as to whether these effects are direct or mediated indirectly through potentiation of GLP-1s anorectic actions.13,48 Peripherally, GIP exerts beneficial effects on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle by promoting lipid storage in white adipose tissue and decreasing ectopic fat accumulation within the muscle, both of which contribute to improved insulin sensitivity
Tomoto et al., 2022
In Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention
