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In several studies, clinical pregnancy rates 37,38,53,54,57 , numbers of oocytes 37,59,60 , maturation rates 37,60 , fertilisation rates 38,60 , embryonic morphology and development 38,57 , implantation rates 57 , and miscarriage rates 37 were similar between smoking and non-smoking patients undergoing MAR treatment

The results consistently indicated that smokers achieved a lower plasma concentration of the drug compared to non-smokers at the same dose, or a lower concentration/dose (C/D) ratio in smokers [28, 43, 61, 70]

These results suggest that vaping is leading youth into nicotine use and nicotine addiction, not away from it. Teens are clearly attracted to the marketable technology and flavorings seen in vaping devices, explains Dr

Stakeholders should prepare for further shifts in both regulatory frameworks and consumer preferences.