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Step 1: systematic review approach to literature search and data extraction Informed by the systematic review approach we took for the GBD 2019 (ref

After 1 Year of Smoking Structural Changes Begin Chest CT and HRCT scans of early smokers often show : Airway thickening Mucus gland enlargement Early emphysema-like changes Functional Impairment A study by the European Respiratory Society shows that even 12 months of smoking causes: 510% reduction in lung function Reduced capacity for pollutant clearance Increased incidence of cough, colds, and allergies After 5 Years of Smoking Lung damage, by this stage, has become more pronounced and is visible on imaging