HMGB1 binds to its receptor, namely receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to trigger the downstream inflammatory response and produce various pro-inflammatory mediators, like tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1), leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis (Lotze and Tracey 2005)
B., Serusclat, P., Violante, R., Watada, H., Davies, M., & PIONEER 3 Investigators
Preclinical studies may explore its influence on collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, proliferation of chondrocytes, and the maintenance of bone mineral density in models of osteoporosis, providing insights into tissue regeneration and age-related decline
These hormones regulate metabolism, energy expenditure, and numerous physiological processes throughout the body